Citations and methodology

Sources behind every number.

Every statistic on the Qiri site is traceable to a peer-reviewed paper, a government dataset, or an international body. Where we publish our own modelling — the per-site projections — we list the inputs and assumptions. If a number doesn't add up, tell us.

Jump to: Australia · United States · Global · Regulatory · Methodology

Australia

Backs the four problem-section statistics on qiri.ai/au.

  1. Felisberto M, et al. Override rate of drug-drug interaction alerts in clinical decision support systems: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Informatics J. 2024;30(2). journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14604582241263242
  2. Johnston K, O'Reilly CL, Scholz B, Georgousopoulou EN, Mitchell I. Burnout and the challenges facing pharmacists during COVID-19: results of a national survey. Int J Clin Pharm. 2021;43(3):716–25. link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11096-021-01268-5
  3. Lim R, Kalisch Ellett LM, Semple S, Roughead EE. The Extent of Medication-Related Hospital Admissions in Australia: A Review from 1988 to 2021. Drug Saf. 2022;45(3):249–57. link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40264-021-01144-1
  4. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Regional Population, 2023–24 financial year. Cat. no. 3218.0. abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/latest-release

United States

Backs the four problem-section statistics on qiri.ai/us.

  1. Felisberto M, et al. Override rate of drug-drug interaction alerts in clinical decision support systems: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Informatics J. 2024;30(2). journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14604582241263242
  2. Kisala JR, et al. Evaluation of the Current State of Burnout Among Clinical Pharmacists. J Am Coll Clin Pharm. 2025. accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jac5.70139
  3. Watanabe JH, McInnis T, Hirsch JD. Cost of Prescription Drug-Related Morbidity and Mortality. Ann Pharmacother. 2018;52(9):829–37. journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1060028018765159
  4. Guadamuz JS, Alexander GC, Chaudhri T, Trotzky-Sirr R, Qato DM. Locations and characteristics of pharmacy deserts in the United States: a geospatial study. Health Affairs Scholar. 2024;2(4):qxae035. academic.oup.com/healthaffairsscholar/article/2/4/qxae035

Global

Backs the four problem-section statistics on qiri.ai/global.

  1. Felisberto M, et al. Override rate of drug-drug interaction alerts in clinical decision support systems: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Informatics J. 2024;30(2). journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14604582241263242
  2. Dee J, Dhuhaibawi N, Hayden JC. A systematic review and pooled prevalence of burnout in pharmacists. Int J Clin Pharm. 2023;45(5):1027–1036. link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11096-022-01520-6
  3. Donaldson LJ, Kelley ET, Dhingra-Kumar N, Kieny MP, Sheikh A. Medication Without Harm: WHO's Third Global Patient Safety Challenge. The Lancet. 2017;389(10080):1680–1681. thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)31047-4
  4. World Health Organization. Access to medicines and health products. Geneva: WHO. who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/access-to-medicines-and-health-products

Regulatory frameworks

Backs the regulatory pathway on qiri.ai/au/product. Qiri Phase 1 is designed against these frameworks; final classification is confirmed per deployment, not claimed.

  1. US Food and Drug Administration. Clinical Decision Support Software — Final Guidance. September 2022. Defines the four Non-Device CDS criteria under FD&C Act §520(o)(1)(E): no medical-image/signal analysis; displays patient medical information; provides recommendations to a healthcare professional; enables the HCP to independently review the basis. Qiri Phase 1 is architected against all four. fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/clinical-decision-support-software
  2. Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration. Regulation of software-based medical devices. Technology-agnostic SaMD framework. Phase 1 CDS software with licensed-pharmacist oversight typically classifies at lower risk. tga.gov.au/products/medical-devices/software-based-medical-devices
  3. European Union. Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 — Artificial Intelligence Act. Adopted June 2024; staged into force 2026–2027. Risk-classification framework for AI in healthcare. Qiri's pharmacist-in-the-loop and reasoning trace are designed against high-risk obligations: human oversight, transparency, record-keeping. eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj
  4. Pharmacy Board of Australia (AHPRA). Code of conduct and Guidelines on dispensing of medicines. Defines the professional and legal standard for pharmacist oversight of dispensing in Australia, including the pharmacist's independent responsibility for clinical appropriateness, counselling, and final dispensing decisions. Qiri's pharmacist-in-the-loop architecture is designed so the pharmacist remains the regulated decision-maker under these standards — Qiri provides reasoning, the pharmacist provides the professional judgment the Code requires. pharmacyboard.gov.au/codes-guidelines.aspx

Methodology — per-site projections

Backs the four return-on-intelligence figures shown on every locale page.

The 1,250 pharmacist hours recovered/year, $200K annualised benefit per site, 40–50% indemnity claims reduction, and 10x+ annual benefit-to-cost ratio on every Qiri locale page are derived from a Qiri internal model, not from external literature. Dollar figures are shown in local currency: AUD on qiri.ai/au, USD on qiri.ai/us.

Inputs:

  • 50 scripts per day routed through Qiri — a conservative initial-deployment volume (~15–20% of a typical community pharmacy's daily total of 200–500 dispenses). The model assumes incremental adoption alongside existing dispensing workflow, not full replacement. Time-related benefits scale linearly with the number of scripts routed through the platform.
  • Pharmacist loaded hourly rate — base salary plus ~25–30% on-costs (superannuation, leave loading, employer payroll obligations). AU loaded rate typically $60–90 AUD/hr, sourced from the Fair Work Pharmacy Industry Award (MA000012) base + on-costs. US loaded rate typically $65–85 USD/hr, sourced from US Bureau of Labor Statistics — Pharmacists, Occupational Employment Statistics. Per-site model uses each pharmacy's actual loaded rate at deployment.
  • Verification time saved per script — ~5 minutes per Qiri-routed script. Drawn from observational pharmacist time-on-task studies of routine dispensing verification, insurance/PBS rejection handling, and drug-drug interaction alert review.
  • Indemnity premium reductions (firm-wide step-function) — modelled as a firm-wide benefit, not per-script. Once any scripts route through Qiri's documented-reasoning audit trail (inputs, sources cited, rules fired, model used, pharmacist action, outcome), the insurer reassesses the whole pharmacy's risk profile. Even partial platform adoption captures the full 40–50% premium-reduction benefit. To be validated in pilot.
  • Avoided dispensing-error remediation — partial scaling. Routine catches scale with Qiri-routed volume; catastrophic-error avoidance has firm-wide effect.

Have a number we should add?

If you have peer-reviewed data, regulator publications, or actuarial evidence we should be citing — share it. We update this page when better sources land.

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